Computer History

Computer History The existence of technology greatly helps human life in carrying out their various jobs. Technology makes people not feel difficult, so they will be facilitated in their respective jobs. Like now, for example, a computer has been created since a few years ago, creating a computer history that needs to be known. Like a double-edged knife, technology can be useful if used correctly. Conversely, if used for things that are not true, technology becomes useless. Smart people of his time created various inventions which until now have undergone continuous development so that new technologies emerge. Like for example the discovery of a bicycle that in ancient times had large wheels and now you can see the difference. These changes are made so that someone can feel the benefits and convenience in using these technologies. Likewise with computers that currently have various forms. Computers are tools that are usually used to process data based on predetermined rules. A computer also has a definition of an electronic device that has several components that work together and form one system. So that a computer system can run various programs. In language, computers come from Greek, namely computare. The word computare is a combination of the word com which means to combine and putare which means thinking of calculations. Whereas in English, computare is called to compute or count. If described in the opinion of experts, a computer can be interpreted as a tool that can perform tasks to receive input, process input, store, and make output. This opinion from Robert H. Blissmer is also an understanding of computer systems that are currently widely used for various electronic devices. According to Elias M. Awad, computers are calculators that can process data which are then presented in the form of data. Both digital data and analog data. Whereas according to William M. Fuori, computers are tools for processing data that can also do calculations quickly. The history of first generation computers is digital electronics or can be called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). Is one that is used as a general need. The program on ENIAC, was designed in 1942, and only began to be done in 1943 by John Presper Eckert and Dr. John W. Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (University of Pennsylvania) and finished in 1946. The form of the ENIAC program is very large, in the placement of the program requires space of 500m2. ENIAC uses 18,000 vacuum tubes, and 75,000 relays and switches, 10,000 capacitors and uses 70,000 resistors. When it started operating, ENIAC needed a very large electric power of 140 kilowatts. With a machine weight of more than 30 tons, and consuming a lot of space 167 m2. The first computer software has been developed, namely computers as the design of aircraft and missiles. One of the scientists working on the development concept was Konrad Zuse, an engineer from Germany. In the mid 1940s, John Von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennsylvania team. In the process of building a computer design concept for the next 40 years it is still used in the technique of assembling computers. Von Neumann designed EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) in 1945 with a memory to accommodate both programs and data. This kind of technique allows making a computer to stop at a time and then resume work. The main role of the Von Neumann architecture is the central CPU processing unit (Central processor unit), which is capable of all computer functions coordinated through a single source. The characteristics of the first generation computer are the CPU. The history of generation 1 computers has special characteristics, namely the instructions in the operation are made specifically for a particular task. Every computer has a program like binary code. Each of the different is called Machine Language. This causes computer programs to be hard to program and limit the speed. The characteristics of the First Generation Computer are: 1. The physical size of computer hardware is larger, requiring extensive space. 2. Operation instructions are made specifically for certain tasks. 3. The program can only be made using machine language. 4. The computer has a magnetic cylinder to store data. 5. Uses the Deposits of Outdoor Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disks. 6. Requires large electrical power. 7. The temperature is hot, so it needs a cooler. 8. The storage is small. 9. The process is not fast enough. 10. Using the concept of stored program with its main memory is Magnetic Core Storage. 11. The Circuit Uses a Vacuum Tube. The use of Hollow Tubes made the size of the computer at that time very large. The characteristics of the Second Generation Computer are: 1. Already using operations in high-level programming languages COBOL and FORTRAN. 2. The main memory capacity has been developed from Magnetic Core Storage. 3. Using deposits from outside in the form of magnetic tape and magnetic disk. 4. Ability to do real-time and real-sharing processes. 5. Its physical size is smaller when compared to first generation computers. 6. The operating process is faster, which can do millions of operations per second. 7. The need for electricity is smaller. 8. The orientation of the use of the program is no longer focused on business applications, but also on technical applications. The characteristics of third generation computers are: 1. The use of electricity is more efficient. 2. Software enhancements. 3. The price is getting cheaper. 4. Larger memory capacity, and can store hundreds of thousands of characters (previously only tens of thousands). 5. Because it has used IC, the computer's performance becomes more precise and faster. 6. Its speed is almost 10,000 times faster than first generation computers. 7. Ability to do multiprocessing and multitasking. 8. Has used the visual terminal display and can make a sound. 9. Using external diskette storage media (external disk) which is the nature of accessing data randomly (random access) with large capacity (millions of characters). 10. The ability to communicate with other computers. The characteristics of fourth generation computers are: 1. Using LSI (Large Scale Integration). 2. Micro computers are developed that have used semiconductor and micro-processor chips for computer memory. 3. Fourth generation computers include: AT, IBM PS / 2, IBM PC / 386, IBM 370, Apple II, IBM PC / XT, IBM PC / IBM PC / 486.) IBM Pentium II The characteristics of fifth generation computers are: 1. Still using LSI technology, which of course has a lot of development 2. More and more features 3. Much faster information processing After knowing the definition of computers and computer functions, of course you must know the history of the computer and its development. So when you are given a question about the complete history of a computer, you can explain it correctly. For this reason, the following is a complete history of computers. 1. Generation of Vacuum Tubes Computer creation was first created in 1946 and used vacuum tubes for standard components on this computer. The use of vacuum tubes is very inefficient because it can produce excessive heat and requires large electrical power. This computer was made by Mauchly using 18,000 vacuum tubes measuring 1800 ft2 and weighing 30 tons. This first generation computer still uses machine language as its programming language. Machine language itself is also the most basic programming language and can only be understood by computers. At one time, first generation computers could solve problems with limited capabilities. The input used on this first generation computer uses a punched card and paper tape. As for the output used, the first generation computer uses output in the form of print-out. Almost around 1 million dollars was spent on making computers that were amazing in their time. 2. Transistor Generation The history of computers continues in the transistor generation. The existence of this transistor can also be a sign of the emergence of the second generation of computers. So that the vacuum tube was replaced with this transistor which can improve the technology at that time. This transistor technology was used around 1959 until 1965. When viewed again, the size of the transistor is much smaller than the vacuum tube. Apart from size, the heat produced is also less. Not only that, failure rates tend to be smaller. So, transistors can be better computers than computers with vacuum tubes. For programming languages used on this computer, of course using different programming languages. If previously using machine language, this generation already uses assembly language. During this time, CBOL and FORTRAN programming languages were also being developed. 3. Generation of ICs For the third generation, computers at this time used integrated circuits or ICs instead of transistors. The transistor in the previous generation was reduced and then placed on the IC which in the IC consists of various transistors, resistors, and capacitors. This technology was first developed by an electrical engineer named Jack Kilby. Jack Kilby was later awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of this third generation computer. This is because the invention can make computers faster and more efficient and make computers with ICs faster than the previous generation. In addition, the IC computer is the first computer to use a keyboard and monitor which previously used paper. Because of its smaller size and cheaper price, people at that time could buy this computer. 4. Generation of Microprocessors Computer history and its development continues to the microprocessor which is still used by the public, including the people of Indonesia. The beginning of this microprocessor computer was made by IBM in 1971 which later in 1984 Apple released the Macintosh. The birth of this generation of microprocessor computers is also a marker of the birth of the internet. The development of this computer can be seen with the GUI as a display, mouse and portable computer or laptop. 5. Generation of AI The history of the computer and its development continues to this day to create a technology called AI. The generation of computer AI means that this artificial intelligence can make better inputs. Even with this AI technology, we can input language spoken everyday and can study the surrounding environment and adjust the situation. So that AI technology is considered to be the latest breakthrough of computers, not infrequently also many developers who use AI systems. Question and Answer 1. What are the first generation computers? Answer: Computers belonging to the first generation are EDVAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC. 2. What distinguishes first and second generation computers? Answer:First generation computers operate with vacuum tubes while the second generation uses transistors. 3. What is the purpose of developing a fourth generation computer? Answer:Presenting a more compact computer. Nama : Sri Kartini Npm : 16115669 Kelas : 4KA30

soal toefl, jawaban beserta pembahasan

Soal soal toefl, jawaban serta pembahasan

1.      _________ was backed up for miles on the freeway.
    (A)      Yesterday
    (B)      In the morning
    (C)      Traffic
    (D)      Cars

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban
Dalam contoh di atas Anda melihat langsung bahwa ada sebuah kata kerja (verb), tapi tidak ada subjek. Jawaban (C) adalah jawaban yang tepat karena mengandung subjek tunggal "traffic" dan sesuai dengan kata kerja tunggal "was". Jawaban (A), "yesterday", dan jawaban (B),  "in the morning", bukanlah subjek, karenanya keduanya tidak benar. Meskipun jawaban (D), "cars", bisa jadi subjek,  itu pun tidak benar. Karena "cars"  berbentuk jamak, sehingga tidak sesuai dengan kata kerja tunggal "was".

2.      Engineers________ for work on the new space program.
    (A)     necessary
    (B)     are needed
    (C)     hopefully
    (D)     next month

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban
Dalam contoh ini, bahwa kalimat di atas, Engineers sebagai subject, namun tidak ditemukan kata kerja (verb). Karenanya, jawaban (B) merupakan jawaban paling tepat. Karena "are needed"  adalah kata kerja.  Sedangkan, jawaban (A), (C), dan (D) bukanlah verb, sehingga bukanlah jawaban yang benar.

3.      Fitzgerald_______ the society of the 1920's in his novel, The Great Gatsby.
    (A)     reflect
    (B)     reflects
    (C)     are reflecting
    (D)     have reflected

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban
Fitzgerald merupakan subjek orang ketiga tunggal. Maka, kata kerja yang mengikutinya juga harus dalam bentuk tunggal. Karenanya, jawaban yang tepat ialah (B).

4.      _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new metallic substances.
    (A) Meet
    (B) Being met are
    (C) To meet
    (D) They are meeting

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawab            : (C) To meet
Keyword        : the demands of aerospace
Pembahasan : Pola infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of to infinitive
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive phrase.
Sehingg pilihan phrase yang tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to meet.

5.      _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia in 1940.
    (A) Was written b
    (B) His writing was
    (C) He wrote the
    (D) Written by

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawab              : (D) Written by
Keyword         : James A. Bland
Pembahasan  : Kalimat di atas membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk menerangkan kata benda “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny”.
Frasa ajektif yang paling tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa disebut frasa ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang tidak ditemani bentuk be atau have adalah sebuah ajektif.

6.      Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.
    (A) a soprano was popular
    (B) in a popular soprano
    (C) was a popular soprano
    (D) a popular soprano in

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawab            : (D) a popular soprano in
Keyword        : Mary Garden
Pembahasan : Kalimat pada soal membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano) memiliki makna yang sama. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah a popular soprano in.

7.      In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
    (A) who she believed
    (B) who believed
    (C) believed
    (D) who did she believe

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawab            : (B) Who believed
Keyword        : a dualist
Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + S + V). Untuk menerangkan kata benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah who believed.

8.      On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil forest consist of a nearly hundred
                                                                                        A                 B
      large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
                                C                       D

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawab           : (B) a nearly
Keyword       : hundred large stumps
Pembahasan : a nearly -> nearly

Kata “a nearly” tidak memerlukan indefinite article/determiner “a”, karena kata benda stumps adalah plural.

9.      The surface conditions on the planet Mars are the more like the Earth’s than are
                                A                                                    B                                C
       those of any other planet in the solar system.
                               D

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawab            : (B) The more
Keyword        : the planet Mars
Pembahasan : the more -> more
Pola comparative: more ___ than ___
Maka seharusnya tidak perlu definite article “the” tapi cukup “more” saja.

10.  The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the Sun visible remains in the sky
                                   A                                                              B                   C
       for twenty-four hours or longer.
                                               D  

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawab            : (B) visible remains
Keyword        : the sun
Pembahasan : visible remains -> remains visible
Kata the sun dalam anak kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate bukan noun phrase (visible remains).
Yang tepat seharusnya remains visible.

11.  The Humber River and its valley form a major salmon-fishing, lumbering, hunting,
                                           A              B         C
       and farmer region in western Newfoundland, Canada.
                 D

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawab            : (D) farmer
Keyword        : and
Pembahasan : farmer -> farming
Konjungsi and digunakan untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. Karena sebelum “and” bentuk
katanya adalah gerund maka kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk gerund juga yaitu farming.

12.  Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meeting in Indiana, she called for a state woman's rights convention.
(A) begin
(B) began
(C) have begun
(D) to have begun

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawaban (B) began.
Kalimat tersebut terdiri dari dua clause:
1.  Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when
2. she called for a state woman's rights convention.
Anda bisa lihat bahwa clause pertama kehilangan verb (kata kerja) olehnya yang harus kita cari yaitu verb yang bisa mengisi clause tersebut. Jawaban A salah. Clause ke dua menggunakan kata kerja bentuk past (called) jadi begin yang berbentuk present tidak paralel dengan clause ke dua tersebut. Kalimat harus paralel.Jawaban C berbentu past perfect. Ingat past perfect tak akan menggunakan kata keterangan waktu yang pasti seperti pada kalimat ini. Kata keterangan waktu yang pasti pada klaimat ini yaitu in 1851. Jawaban D lebih jelas tak sesuai.

13.  The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___.
(A) a small upright piano
(B) how a small upright piano
(C) a small upright piano is
(D) as a small upright piano

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawaban (A) a small upright piano.
Kalimat ini membutuhkan objek dari kata kerja resemble = mirip.

14.  Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.
(A) writer of eloquent
(B) whose eloquent writing
(C) an eloquent writer
(D) writing eloquent

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawaban (C) an eloquent writer.
Di antara ke dua koma stelah subject itu membutuhkan appositive yang menjelaskan terkait identitas subject Thomas Paine.

15.  Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater ___fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.
(A) as long
(B) as long as
(C) so long
(D) so long that

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawaban (B) as long as.
as long as = and.

16.  Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.
(A) while
(B) and
(C) how
(D) because

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

 Jawaban (B) and.
dua kata kerja begins dan ends. jadi dibutuhkan kata penghubung and untuk menghubungkannya.

17.  When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.
(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up
(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules
(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up
(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules

 Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawaban (C) hydrocarbon molecules break up.
Kata its membutuhkan Noun (phrase) setelahnya. Phrase hydrocarbon molecules sesuai dengan persyaratan in, sementara kata break up menjadi verb dari its hydrocarbon molecules.

18.  _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.
(A) All of
(B) Of every
(C) All
(D) Every

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

kunci jawaban (C) All.
Jika menggunakan jawaban A maka seharusya all of the ballet dancers. Jawaban D salah. Kata every harus bertemu noun singular sementara dancers berbentuk jamak.

19.  Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.
(A) creeping colonies
(B) which colonies creep
(C) creeping colonies are
(D) colonies creep

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawaban (A) creeping colonies.
Kata kerja form membutuhkan object.

20.  Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women's rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970's,____
(A) of five winning them
(B) five winning of them
(C) of them five winning

             (D) winning five of them

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Jawaban yang benar yaitu (D) winning five of them.
Hanya saja saya kurang yakin bagaimana cara menjelaskannya. Kalau saya lihat-lihat bentuk ini masuk di reduction (adverb clause). Jadi winning five of them itu merupakan phrase yang direduksi (hasil reduction) dari adverb clause. Hanya saja yang saya lihat di buku referensi saya -Betty semua contoh Phrase hasil reduction dari adverb clause posisinya di depan kalimat. Jadi itulah mengapa saya kurang yakin dengan penjelasan terkait soal ini. Menurut saya inilah soal TOEFL. Kalau kita perhatikan di buku-buku akademik tingkat advanced banyak kalimat yg menurut kita agak aneh.

Nama: sri kartini

Kelas : 4ka30

Npm: 16115669

introduction

Sri Kartini

16115669

4KA30

Perumnas II,17144

Kartinisri1608@gmail.com

Dear Badarul syamsul,

Hi, my name is sri kartini, commonly called Uneng. I am 21 years old,

I was born on 16 August 1997, in Jakarta precisely Tanjung Priok but I lived in Bekasi.  

My current busy life is studying at Gunadarma University. At this time I’am running the 

eighth semester lecture or can be called the final semester.

I have a hobby of eating, swimming, singing, and traveling. I like traveling, because 

with traveling we can know new things, new
friends, new knowledge, new cultures, new habits, even things that we have not
got in our environment. Traveling can make your heart happy, calm mind,
it can even make us enjoy life more. I think all humans need traveling so that their lives

are more pleasant and not too busy taking care of other people's lives, because today

people hate more than love.

I used to have the dream of becoming a veterinarian, because my department is IPS, 

so these ideals cannot yet be realized. I really like animals called cats, cats are very
funny, and can be friends when we are bored and the last one if you don't mind 

following my Instagram @ uneng.k hehehe thanks.

Best Regards,

Sri Kartini