Computer History

Computer History The existence of technology greatly helps human life in carrying out their various jobs. Technology makes people not feel difficult, so they will be facilitated in their respective jobs. Like now, for example, a computer has been created since a few years ago, creating a computer history that needs to be known. Like a double-edged knife, technology can be useful if used correctly. Conversely, if used for things that are not true, technology becomes useless. Smart people of his time created various inventions which until now have undergone continuous development so that new technologies emerge. Like for example the discovery of a bicycle that in ancient times had large wheels and now you can see the difference. These changes are made so that someone can feel the benefits and convenience in using these technologies. Likewise with computers that currently have various forms. Computers are tools that are usually used to process data based on predetermined rules. A computer also has a definition of an electronic device that has several components that work together and form one system. So that a computer system can run various programs. In language, computers come from Greek, namely computare. The word computare is a combination of the word com which means to combine and putare which means thinking of calculations. Whereas in English, computare is called to compute or count. If described in the opinion of experts, a computer can be interpreted as a tool that can perform tasks to receive input, process input, store, and make output. This opinion from Robert H. Blissmer is also an understanding of computer systems that are currently widely used for various electronic devices. According to Elias M. Awad, computers are calculators that can process data which are then presented in the form of data. Both digital data and analog data. Whereas according to William M. Fuori, computers are tools for processing data that can also do calculations quickly. The history of first generation computers is digital electronics or can be called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). Is one that is used as a general need. The program on ENIAC, was designed in 1942, and only began to be done in 1943 by John Presper Eckert and Dr. John W. Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (University of Pennsylvania) and finished in 1946. The form of the ENIAC program is very large, in the placement of the program requires space of 500m2. ENIAC uses 18,000 vacuum tubes, and 75,000 relays and switches, 10,000 capacitors and uses 70,000 resistors. When it started operating, ENIAC needed a very large electric power of 140 kilowatts. With a machine weight of more than 30 tons, and consuming a lot of space 167 m2. The first computer software has been developed, namely computers as the design of aircraft and missiles. One of the scientists working on the development concept was Konrad Zuse, an engineer from Germany. In the mid 1940s, John Von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennsylvania team. In the process of building a computer design concept for the next 40 years it is still used in the technique of assembling computers. Von Neumann designed EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) in 1945 with a memory to accommodate both programs and data. This kind of technique allows making a computer to stop at a time and then resume work. The main role of the Von Neumann architecture is the central CPU processing unit (Central processor unit), which is capable of all computer functions coordinated through a single source. The characteristics of the first generation computer are the CPU. The history of generation 1 computers has special characteristics, namely the instructions in the operation are made specifically for a particular task. Every computer has a program like binary code. Each of the different is called Machine Language. This causes computer programs to be hard to program and limit the speed. The characteristics of the First Generation Computer are: 1. The physical size of computer hardware is larger, requiring extensive space. 2. Operation instructions are made specifically for certain tasks. 3. The program can only be made using machine language. 4. The computer has a magnetic cylinder to store data. 5. Uses the Deposits of Outdoor Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disks. 6. Requires large electrical power. 7. The temperature is hot, so it needs a cooler. 8. The storage is small. 9. The process is not fast enough. 10. Using the concept of stored program with its main memory is Magnetic Core Storage. 11. The Circuit Uses a Vacuum Tube. The use of Hollow Tubes made the size of the computer at that time very large. The characteristics of the Second Generation Computer are: 1. Already using operations in high-level programming languages COBOL and FORTRAN. 2. The main memory capacity has been developed from Magnetic Core Storage. 3. Using deposits from outside in the form of magnetic tape and magnetic disk. 4. Ability to do real-time and real-sharing processes. 5. Its physical size is smaller when compared to first generation computers. 6. The operating process is faster, which can do millions of operations per second. 7. The need for electricity is smaller. 8. The orientation of the use of the program is no longer focused on business applications, but also on technical applications. The characteristics of third generation computers are: 1. The use of electricity is more efficient. 2. Software enhancements. 3. The price is getting cheaper. 4. Larger memory capacity, and can store hundreds of thousands of characters (previously only tens of thousands). 5. Because it has used IC, the computer's performance becomes more precise and faster. 6. Its speed is almost 10,000 times faster than first generation computers. 7. Ability to do multiprocessing and multitasking. 8. Has used the visual terminal display and can make a sound. 9. Using external diskette storage media (external disk) which is the nature of accessing data randomly (random access) with large capacity (millions of characters). 10. The ability to communicate with other computers. The characteristics of fourth generation computers are: 1. Using LSI (Large Scale Integration). 2. Micro computers are developed that have used semiconductor and micro-processor chips for computer memory. 3. Fourth generation computers include: AT, IBM PS / 2, IBM PC / 386, IBM 370, Apple II, IBM PC / XT, IBM PC / IBM PC / 486.) IBM Pentium II The characteristics of fifth generation computers are: 1. Still using LSI technology, which of course has a lot of development 2. More and more features 3. Much faster information processing After knowing the definition of computers and computer functions, of course you must know the history of the computer and its development. So when you are given a question about the complete history of a computer, you can explain it correctly. For this reason, the following is a complete history of computers. 1. Generation of Vacuum Tubes Computer creation was first created in 1946 and used vacuum tubes for standard components on this computer. The use of vacuum tubes is very inefficient because it can produce excessive heat and requires large electrical power. This computer was made by Mauchly using 18,000 vacuum tubes measuring 1800 ft2 and weighing 30 tons. This first generation computer still uses machine language as its programming language. Machine language itself is also the most basic programming language and can only be understood by computers. At one time, first generation computers could solve problems with limited capabilities. The input used on this first generation computer uses a punched card and paper tape. As for the output used, the first generation computer uses output in the form of print-out. Almost around 1 million dollars was spent on making computers that were amazing in their time. 2. Transistor Generation The history of computers continues in the transistor generation. The existence of this transistor can also be a sign of the emergence of the second generation of computers. So that the vacuum tube was replaced with this transistor which can improve the technology at that time. This transistor technology was used around 1959 until 1965. When viewed again, the size of the transistor is much smaller than the vacuum tube. Apart from size, the heat produced is also less. Not only that, failure rates tend to be smaller. So, transistors can be better computers than computers with vacuum tubes. For programming languages used on this computer, of course using different programming languages. If previously using machine language, this generation already uses assembly language. During this time, CBOL and FORTRAN programming languages were also being developed. 3. Generation of ICs For the third generation, computers at this time used integrated circuits or ICs instead of transistors. The transistor in the previous generation was reduced and then placed on the IC which in the IC consists of various transistors, resistors, and capacitors. This technology was first developed by an electrical engineer named Jack Kilby. Jack Kilby was later awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of this third generation computer. This is because the invention can make computers faster and more efficient and make computers with ICs faster than the previous generation. In addition, the IC computer is the first computer to use a keyboard and monitor which previously used paper. Because of its smaller size and cheaper price, people at that time could buy this computer. 4. Generation of Microprocessors Computer history and its development continues to the microprocessor which is still used by the public, including the people of Indonesia. The beginning of this microprocessor computer was made by IBM in 1971 which later in 1984 Apple released the Macintosh. The birth of this generation of microprocessor computers is also a marker of the birth of the internet. The development of this computer can be seen with the GUI as a display, mouse and portable computer or laptop. 5. Generation of AI The history of the computer and its development continues to this day to create a technology called AI. The generation of computer AI means that this artificial intelligence can make better inputs. Even with this AI technology, we can input language spoken everyday and can study the surrounding environment and adjust the situation. So that AI technology is considered to be the latest breakthrough of computers, not infrequently also many developers who use AI systems. Question and Answer 1. What are the first generation computers? Answer: Computers belonging to the first generation are EDVAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC. 2. What distinguishes first and second generation computers? Answer:First generation computers operate with vacuum tubes while the second generation uses transistors. 3. What is the purpose of developing a fourth generation computer? Answer:Presenting a more compact computer. Nama : Sri Kartini Npm : 16115669 Kelas : 4KA30